Various jurisdictions in Australia provide statutory rights for eligible persons to contest a Will on the basis that they have not been left adequate provision by the testator for their proper maintenance, education and advancement in life.
In Queensland, an eligible person generally includes:
- a spouse of the deceased;
- a de facto partner (whether same or opposite sex) who had been in a continuous relationship with the deceased for at least two years at the time of death;
- a former spouse who was maintained by the deceased and not remarried, or is the parent of a minor child of the deceased and dependent at the date of death;
- a child, stepchild or adopted child of the deceased;
- a parent who was dependent on the deceased or the parent of a surviving child under the age of 18 years of the deceased, or other person under the age of 18 years who was wholly or substantially dependent on the deceased.
If a family provision claim is successful, the Court may order an appropriate adjustment to the terms of the Will to satisfy the claim. A range of factors are considered including the relationship the applicant had with the deceased, the obligations or responsibilities the deceased had to the applicant, and the nature and size of the estate.
All cases will be individually assessed and balanced with the needs of the applicant and the competing needs of other entitled recipients.
The moral duty to provide for a spouse
There is a general expectancy that testators have a moral duty to provide for the proper maintenance of their spouse or de facto partner. The Court has explained this as providing what is necessary for the spouse to enjoy accommodation to the standard to which he or she is accustomed and, to the extent possible and having regard to the size of the estate, a fund to meet unforeseen contingencies.
Competing claims
Family provision claims by widows usually involve a contest between the applicant and a child or children from the deceased’s former relationship.
The applicant will generally apply for greater provision than what has already been provided in the Will based on his or her personal and financial circumstances, current financial position and future needs.
Generally, the widow and children of the current relationship (if any) will stand favourably against the children of a former relationship. This is because the testator’s primary duty is perceived as being owed to his current family and the likelihood that the children of the former relationship may have already been provided for through child support payments. This of course is not always the case and each matter will turn on its own circumstances in consideration of a range of factors.
Determining the sufficiency of proper maintenance
The Courts have explained the difficulties of determining the meaning of ‘proper maintenance’. In Re Harris [1936] SASR 497 it was considered to be ‘…more than a provision to keep the wolf from the door – it should at least be sufficient to keep the wolf from pattering round the house or lurking in some outhouse in the back yard – it should be sufficient to free the mind from any reasonable fear of any insufficiency as age increases and health and strength gradually fail’.
Sometimes, widows are left a ‘right of residency’ in the testator’s property. This allows the widow to occupy the family home or other property of the deceased for his or her lifetime with the intention that the property will pass to a residuary beneficiary, such as the testator’s child or children from a former marriage, after the widow’s death.
A right of residency however is not always practical and may be considered insufficient to meet the moral duty expected of the testator. The widow may, due to age or health, need to vacate the residence, being left vulnerable and without security of a home.
The alternative approach to leaving the home to the widow may also be inappropriate – if the widow passes soon after the deceased, then the result may be a significant capital asset being inherited by the widow’s relatives, contrary to the wishes of the testator.
As can be seen there needs to be a balance between a tokenistic provision and the risk that a testator’s significant assets might inadvertently be inherited by an unintended beneficiary.
In Luciano v Rosenblum (1985) 2NSWLR 65 the Court gave some guidance as to the expectation of a widow after the death of a spouse:
‘Where the marriage of a deceased and his widow has been long and harmonious, where the widow has loyally supported her husband and assisted him to build up and maintain his estate, the duty which a deceased owes to his widow can be no less than to the extent to which his assets permit him to achieve that result…’
Conclusion
This article is general information only and you should obtain professional advice relevant to your individual circumstances.
There are a range of factors a Court must consider when assessing the merits of a family provision claim. Your family circumstances should be assessed in light of these factors when preparing your Will to minimise the potential of a Will contest when you die.
Strict time limits apply with respect to making a claim for family provision. If you feel you have not been given adequate provision from the Will of a family member or if you or someone you know wants more information or needs help or advice, please contact us on 1300 040 807 or email [email protected].